SWAMI VIVEKANANDA

Our duty is to encourage every one in his struggle to live up to his own highest idea, and strive at the same time to make the ideal as near as possible to the Truth.

Tuesday, 29 March 2016

MOBILIZE, UNITE, CONSOLIDATE & STRENGTHEN OUR AIPEU-GDS IN ALL DIVISIONS.

DECIDE TO FRANCHIZE YOUR CHOICE 
IN FAVOUR OF 
ALL INDIA POSTAL EMPLOYEES UNION – GRAMIN DAK SEVAKS 
(AIPEU-GDS)

DECLARE THAT AIPEU-GDS IS THE NUMER ONE RECOGNIZED UNION AMONG GDS CADRE.

After the lapses of 18 years background of one Recognized GDS Union,

NOW SUPPORT 
AIPEU-GDS 
TO SERVE YOU MUCH BETTER 
WITH 
UNITY, COMMITMENT & DEDICATION

 ==P.Pandurangarao
      General Secretary
      AIPEU-GDS

            Today on dated 28.03.2016  a meeting of Secretary Generals  of NFPE , FNPO  and BPEF  was held  with the DDG(P) (Nodal Officer  of Department  with Pay Commission Implementation Cell) , DDG (Estt) and DDG(SR)at Dak Bhawan, New Delhi.

            A detailed discussion took place on the demands mentioned in the Memorandum submitted to Secretary (Post) for modification. We emphasized that all demands should be achieved.

             We demanded upgraded pay scales for PA, SA, Postman, Mail Guard, MTS, MMS (All categories), Admn, SBCO, Postal accounts and Civil Wing staff etc.

            Next meeting with Empowered Committee under Chairmanship of Cabinet Secretary will be held on 30.03.2016 at Cabinet Secretariat, Committee Room, Rashtrapati Bhawan, New Delhi.

         On behalf  of NFPE Com. R.N. Parashar Secretary General NFPE & General Secretary P-III , Com. Giriraj Singh General Secretary R-III , Com. R. Seethalakshmi  General Secretary P-IV will take part in the meeting

ALL INDIA POSTAL EMPLOYEES UNION POSTMEN AND MTS
CENTRAL WORKING COMMITTEE MEETING
WILL BE HELD AT ACHARYA NARENDRA (DEOGHAR)
DEO BHAWAN, JASIDIH JHARKHAND CIRCLE FROM
26TH TO 27TH JUNE 2016. ALL CHQ OFFICE BEARERS AND

CIRCLE SECRETARIES ARE REQUESTED TO BOOK THEIR TICKETS IN ADVANCE TO AVOID LAST MINUTE INCONVENIENCE/TROUBLE.
NEW DELHI: Pension fund regulator PFRDA proposes to train 75,000 people who will form a "totally committed" workforce for the implementation of government's National Pension System.

Pension Fund Regulatory and Development Authority (PFRDA) is in the process of hiring training institute(s) that "has/ have the capability to train and create a totally committed workforce that would become the driving force for implementation of NPS".
As per the Request for Proposal, the regulator proposes to cover 600 district head quarters across the country covering about 45 participants per session with an objective to train around one employee per branch/uploading office. There would be about 1,670 sessions.
"Thus, in all approximately, 75,000 participants are to be trained," the RFP document said.
As per the RFP, the regulator proposes "to have services of training institute(s)/professional institute(s) for training of employees of Points of Presence (POPs, POP-SPs/APY-SPs /  Corporates / retirement advisers / or any other stakeholders/intermediaries as decided by PFRDA under NPS...".
Currently, NPS has more than 1.14 crore subscribers with total Asset Under Management (AUM) of more than Rs 1.09 lakh crore.
NPS is a voluntary, defined contribution retirement savings scheme designed to enable the subscribers to make optimum decisions regarding their future through systematic savings during their working life.
Individual savings are pooled into a pension fund which are invested by PFRDA regulated professional fund managers as per the approved investment guidelines into the diversified portfolios comprising of government bonds, bills, corporate debentures and shares.

Monday, 28 March 2016

Monday, March 28, 2016

Jharkhand Postal Circle Admit Card 2016 Released For Postman/ Mail Guard/ MTS Posts CLICK HERE FOR DETAILS

MEMORANDUM SUBMITTED TO GDS COMMITTEE
BY AIPEU-GDS

Dear Comrades,

A letter (dated 04-03-2016) has been addressed to the General Secretary, AIPEU-GDS(NFPE), New Delhi by the office of the GDS Committee to submit suggestions/views & memorandum on the Terms of the Reference of the Committee.

We have taken in to consideration of various views, suggestions, comments, ideas, rule provisions from all quarters of our departmental unions, well-wishers, GDS members besides thoroughly discussed in CWC meetings.

Even though a detailed memorandum submitted & discussed in the meetings by our Union, NFPE & NJCA the Chairman of the 7th CPC made some adverse comments on GDS cadre. 

We tried our level best to project almost all the issues pertaining to Gramin Dak Sevaks are placed before the GDS Committee through this Memorandum.

While submitting the memorandum also many points have been discussed with the Secretary, GDS Committee along with the Secretary General, NFPE.

We are confident and hopefully expecting that the future of Gramin Dak Sevaks would be kept in a respectful  & beneficial manner followed by the recommendations of the GDS Committee.

Please click the link below:

Click below link for :
Copy of Memorandum by NFPE

Copy of Memorandum by AIPEU GDS

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CABINET APPROVES 6% HIKE IN DA FOR CENTRAL GOVT EMPLOYEES.
Press Information Bureau Government of India
Cabinet
23-March-2016 16:29 IST
Release of additional instalment of Dearness Allowance to Central Government employees and Dearness Relief to Pensioners due from 1.1.2016
The Union Cabinet, chaired by the Prime Minister Shri Narendra Modi, has approved release of an additional instalment of Dearness Allowance (DA) to Central Government employees and Dearness Relief (DR) to Pensioners w.e.f. 01.01.2016. This represents an increase of 6 percent over the existing rate of 119 percent of the Basic Pay/Pension, to compensate for price rise. 

This will benefit about 50 lakh Government employees and 58 lakh pensioners. 

The increase is in accordance with the accepted formula, which is based on the recommendations of the 6th Central Pay Commission (CPC). The combined impact on the exchequer on account of both Dearness Allowance and Dearness Relief would be of Rs. 6796.50 crore per annum and Rs.7929.24 crore respectively, in the financial year 2016-17 (for a period of 14 months from January, 2016 to February, 2017). PIB


Minutes of the 2nd meeting of Empowered Committee of Secretaries (E-CoS)

Venue: Committee Room, Cabinet Secretariat, Rashtrapati Bhawan
Date of Meeting: Thursday, the 1 st March, 2016
Time of Meeting: 6:45 PM

Members of E-CoS present
1          Cabinet Secretary
2.         Chairman, Railway Board
3.         Home Secretary
4          Defence Secretary
5          Secretary, D/o Science & Technology
6.         Secretary, D/o Personnel & Training
7.         M/o Health & Family-Welfare
8.         Secretary, D/o Pension and Pensioner’s Welfare
9.         Secretary (Security), Cabinet Secretariat

10.       Secretary, D/o Posts
11 .       Deputy Comptroller and Auditor General
Secretariat for E-CoS:
1. Jöint Secretary, Implementation Cell, D/o Expenditure
2. Director, Implementation Cell, D/o Expenditure

Representatives of JCM (Staff-side):

1 .        Shri Shiv Gopal Mishra
2.         Shri M. Raghavaiah
3.         Shri Rakhal Das Gupta
4.         Shri Ch. Sankara Rao
5.         Shri J.R. Bhosle
6.         Shri Guman Singh
7.         Shri R.P. Bhatnagar
8.         Shri K.S. Murty
9.         Shri K.K.N. Kutty
10.       Shri C. Srikumar
11 .      Shri R. Srinivasan
12.       Shri M. Krishnan
13.       Shri M.S. Raja
Subject: Implementation of the recommendations of the 7th Central Pay Commission — 2nd meeting of the E-CoS

A meeting of the Empowered Committee of Secretaries (E-CoS) was held on 1 st March, 2016 in the Cabinet Secretariat under the chairmanship of the Cabinet Secretary to discuss issues raised by Staff„side of JCM

2. Welcoming the members of E-CoS and JCM Staff side, Cabinet Secretary observed that the meeting had been called to take a note of concerns of Stäff-$ide of JCM regarding recommendations of the 7th CPC and invited the members Of Staff-side of JCM to share their views on the recommendations.

3. Opening the discussion, representative of Staff-side of JCM expressed gratitude to Cabinet Secretary for inviting them for interaction regarding the recommendations of the 7th CPC and requested that more frequent interactions of JCM may be held to resolve outstanding issues across the table. It was expressed that 7th CPC has recommended a meager increase of 14% in the minimum pay as against increase ranging up to 54% during previous Pay Commissions. It was further stated that the recommendations on minimum pay, allowances, advances etc. will cause difficulty to employees. Representative of Staff-side informed that they have already submitted a charter of demands to the Cabinet Secretary bringing out the issues. These have also been discussed in the meeting of JS (IC) with Staff-side of JCM held on 19.02.2016.

4. Major concerns expressed by JCM Staff-side were as under:

The minimum pay of Rs. 18000/- p.m. recommended by the Commission is on lower side and needs to be revised upward by taking into account the prices of commodities as on 01.07.2015 and appropriately factoring in for social obligations & housing.

(ii) New Pension Scheme should be done away with. Persons governed by the NPS are deprived of Family Pension and do not have provision of provident fund. As a result they are at a disadvantageous position as compared to the persons governed by the old system.

(iii) Recommendations on allowances need to be properly examined before taking a decision.

(iv) Fixed Medical Allowance should be increased from existing Rs. 500 p.m. to Rs. 2000 p.m. as majority of cities are not covered under CGI-IS and people residing outside the CGHS covered area are unable to meet their medical needs with meager amount of Rs. 500 p.m.

(v) Recommendation regarding withdrawal of non-interest bearing advances may not be accepted.

(vi) Outsourcing of services should be discouraged as the contract workers are being exploited by contractors and at the game time the service delivery is being compromised due to inefficiency and lack of accountability of low aid contractual staff.

(vii) Enhancement in contribution towards Group Insurance Scheme, is not justified as this would reduce the actual increase in take home salary considerably. If the rates are to be raised, the Government should bear the insurance premium

(viii) The recommendation regarding grant of only 80% of salary for the second year of Child Care Leave need not be accepted as this would deter women from availing of CCL, which was introduced as a welfare measure.

(ix) Annual increments be granted @ 5% instead of existing 3% and increments may be granted on two dates viz., 1 st of January and 1 st of July of every year as in the present system of grant of increment on 1 st July of every year, employees joining/promoted after 1 st January, who do not complete 6 months services as on 1 st July, have to wait for up to 18 months for grant of increment.

(x) The Commission’s recommendation of downgrading the Assistants of Central Secretariat for bringing in parity with their counterparts in the field offices is not appropriate.

(xi) Recommendation regarding PRIS need not be accepted as no scientific mechanism has been devised to assess the performance of employees and the same could ecourage favoritism.

5. Issues regarding financial upgradation under MACPS in promotional hierarchy without grading stipulation. grant of two increments on promotion introduction of Productivity Linked Bonus, treating Grameen Dak Sevak as Government employees, removal of pap of 5% on compassionate appointment 8i full pay and allowances In case of Work Related Illness and Injury Leave improving promotional avenues for technical and supervisory staff etc. were also raised by members of JCM.

6. During the discussion, representatives of JCM also suggested that the Nodal Officers nominated by various Ministries/Departments may hold interactions with recognized Staff Associations and other stakeholders under their purview so as to identify issues specific to those Ministries/Departments for redressal.

7. After hearing the participants, Cabinet Secretary observed that the deliberations have helped E-CoS in understanding the major concerns of the Staff-side and said that all issues have been taken note ofHe assured that fair consideration will be given to all points brought out by JCM before taking a final view. He further stated that the E-CoS needs to examine the Report of the Commission in entirety as well as the issues raised by JCM in consultation with all other stakeholders. As such, it may take some time to take a final call on the recommendations of the Commission.

8. Cabinet Secretary also advised the members of E-CoS to hold interactions with their Staff Associations and other stakeholders under their purview preferably within a week.


9. Meeting ended with vote of thanks to the chair.
After the initial comments from the Secretary Pension and the Secretary Staff Side, the items which had been subjected to discussion in the earlier meeting and the action taken statement thereon were taken up. The following were the issues that came up for discussion in the Action Taken Statement.

1. Abnormal delay in the issue of revised PPO to pre 2006 retirees pensioners/family pensioners. (as per the minutes of the JCM held on 26.02.20125).The following information was given at the meeting:

Ministry/Deptt.     Total Cases     Revised authority issued     PPOs yet to be revised
Civil Ministries         431172                        425599                              5573
Railways                   984260                        984260                               Nil
Posts                       159675                         159675                               Nil
Telecom                   53126                           52284                               272

2.Cashless treatment to CGHS beneficiaries by empanelled private hospitals. The health Ministry officials stated that since the budgetary provisions are made separately for each Ministry it was not possible to ensure cashless treatment to serving employees. The concerned Department or Ministry has to enter into agreement with the hospitals.

3.Finalisation of Family pension cases within a specified period.
It was stated by the official side that the instructions have already been issued. Regarding the complaint from the M.P. Circle of the Postal Department, the matter has been taken up with the concerned authorities on 6.2.2015. The representative of the Postal Department said that the complaint has been attended to and the matter has been settled.

Agenda Items for the meeting:

1. Grant of Gratuity on retirement/death of a Central Govt. NPS subscriber. The representatives of the Pension department said that the Department of Expenditure has given their concurrence for the grant of Gratuity for the NPS subscribers on 8.1.2016. The requisite amendment to the rules, they added were being processed and the consultation with the Law Ministry and the Labour Ministry have already been made. They said that they would expedite the issuance of orders in the matter.

2. Extension of the benefits of full pension to pre-2006 pensioners who had completed more than 20 years of service but less than 33 years. The Staff side said that despite series of judgements in favour of the pensioners, the Government has not yet issued the orders. Recently the Nagpur Tribunal has issued a contempt notice to the Government. They also alleged that the pensioners are being dragged to litigation. The Representatives of the Pension Department informed that the Department of Expenditure had not agreed to extend the benefit generally to all which has resulted in filing appeal. The representative of the Department of Expenditure stated that in the light of the view of the Department of legal affairs, the matter would be re-examined.

3. Delay in the finalisation of Family pension cases by the PCDA (Pension) Allahabad. In response to the complaint the representative of the Defence Ministry informed that only in a few cases, the finalisation has been delayed due to the documentation difficulties. They assured to sort out the matter.

4. Grant of modifed parity to all those who retired prior to 1.1.2006 with reference to the upgraded post. The Staff Side stated that the Department of Pension has taken a very narrow view of the matter and the cases are dragged to the courts of law. The very spirit of the recommendation of the 5th CPC to bring about atleast modified parity if not full parity has not been appreciated by the Govt. The issue was discussed at length. The official side pointed out the decisions of the Court in favour of the position taken by the Government in the case of K.S. Krishnaswany in CANO. 3174/3006, which has been upheld by the Honourable Gujarat High Court. In reply the Staff Side pointed out that the said decisions quoted by the official side had come about due to the phrase employed while issuing the original order viz. corresponding replacement scale. After some discussions, the Chairman agreed to look into the matter afresh and revisit the order of the Department of Pension in the matter.

5.The meeting also discussed the difficulties of Pensioners during the hearing of Pension Adalats. The Staff Side pointed out the need to engage some knowledgeable person to assistant the complainants. The official side said that there had been no prohibition in the matter. The Petitioners are entitled to seek the assistance of another pensioner in presenting his case. If specific complaint of denial of this facility is brought to their notice, the Pension Department will issue the necessary instruction in the matter.


The meeting ended with a vote of thanks to the Chair

Monday, 21 March 2016

Pay Commission Award To Get Cabinet Nod In June: PMO
modi+jaitely+7thcpc+news
New Delhi: The Seventh pay commission award for central government employees will be placed for cabinet’s nod in June after the completion of Tamil Nadu, West Bengal, Assam, Kerala and Puducherry states assemblies’ poll process, the Prime Minister’s office (PMO) official said on Thursday.

The proposal is almost ready to be recommended by the Empowered Committee of Secretaries on the Seventh pay commission recommendation, according to the PMO official.

There were some disputes among the central government employees’ bodies about the Pay Commission recommendations, which are under consideration of secretaries committee.

Following the context, the finance ministry sent an interim report on the proposed pay structure, including the disputes surrounding it, to the PMO.

PMO sent it back to the ministry with instruction to address the genuine concerns raised by stakeholders and accommodate their demands as much as possible. After these processes, it will be sent to the cabinet in June, the official said.

Although, there is indication that the Empowered Committee is also positively mulling the demand of central government employees for hiking the minimum pay, which was recommended very low by the Seventh pay commission and removing anomalies of Seventh pay commission recommendations like scrapping of advances, allowances.

It is likely to take another 45 to 60 days to settle the issue, in the main time, the model code of conduct, which is currently in place for five states assemblies’ poll, which will end May 21, so,that’s the right time to implement the Seventh pay commission award in June, according to the official.

This means although the new pay structure is to be in place since July 1, the central government employees may start drawing the increased salaries from January with arrears of the previous six months. But the House Rent Allowance (HRA) will be paid from the date of the Seventh pay commission award implementation.

The Seventh Pay Commission headed by Justice A K Mathur recommended the minimum basic pay of central government employees is Rs 18,000 per month while the maximum is Rs 2.25 lakh per month, its increased the pay gap between the minimum and maximum from existing 1:12 to 1: 13.8.

“All pay commissions made up pay gap between employees and higher officers from second Pay Commission 1:41 ratio to Sixth pay commission 1:12, except it,” said the official.

Read at : The Sen Times
CHENNAI: With their huge bad loans and provisioning for the same affecting their profitability, India's banks may not reduce their lending rates in the near future following the slashing of interest rates on the small savings schemes, say experts.

They also predict that there will be a higher flow of savings into the capital markets via mutual funds and others.

The BJP-led central government, much to the chagrin of the common man, cut the interest rates on various small savings schemes and public provident fund (PPF), citing banks' grievance that they were not able to reduce their lending rates as interest on deposits were on the high side.

The interest rate was cut from 8.7 percent to 8.1 percent on PPF, from 8.5 percent to 8.1 percent on National Savings Certificate, from 8.7 percent to 7.8 percent for Kisan Vikas Patra and from 8.4 percent to 7.4 percent on five-year recurring deposit. Even the girl child scheme Sukanya Samridhhi Account (SSA) was not spared, with a cut from 9.2 percent to 8.6 percent.

Similarly, rate cut has been announced on various term deposits. The banks had been saying that they are forced to pay higher interest rate on their deposits as they have to compete with the small savings schemes enjoying tax benefits.

"This decision was expected as the government had indicated a move in this direction earlier. We hope that with this review of the small savings interest rates, banks would considerably hasten a re-look at their own lending rates and bring these down for both consumers and investors," business chamber FICCI's secretary general A. Didar Singh said in a statement.

"Banks have been pointing out the interest rates on small savings instruments as one of the factors that have deterred them from reducing their interest rates. With the government now having made this move, banks must take an immediate cue and support the incipient economic recovery," he added.

The slashing of interest rates on PPF and other small savings schemes may not result in banks cutting down their lending rates immediately given their own problems.

"In the near future the banks may not reduce their lending rates but will use this - interest cut on small savings schemes - to mobilise more deposits. If they have to kick start the economic growth, they have to mobilise deposits for lending," Saswata Guha, director, Financial Institutions at global credit rating agency Fitch Ratings, told IANS.

He also agreed that the banks have to contend with their huge bad loans and hence lending rate cuts may not happen soon.

"They don't have the wherewithal to reduce their lending rates now," Guha said. 

"The rate cut on small savings schemes is not all that bad and savers will now put some part of their money in the capital markets, mutual funds and others that give higher returns," Bhuvana Shreeram of Mumbai-based Financial Freedom Golden Practices told IANS.

"PPF rates have been as high as 12 percent for the first 15 years and have come down to average around 8.5 percent in the last 15 years. But look at the timing of this fall. In 2001, double digit PPF rates became history. And what happened to India's GDP and more importantly per capita income of Indians is important to note," Shreeram said.

According to her, when GDP and per capita income goes up, people have more money to spend, and the government will increase its spending thereby creating more jobs and more capital investments will come into the country which again means more jobs.

"Historically, through the good and bad times of the last 35 years, capital markets have given 17 percent average annual returns which is 2.5 times risk free rate," Shreeram said.


Memorandum submitted to GDS Committee by General Secretary, AIPEU GDS NFPE and Secretary General, NFPE


       Memorandum was submitted on 18th March 2016 to Sri T.Q.Mohd., Secretary, GDS Committee for revision of wages and other service conditions of GDS employees.Com.P.Pandurangarao, G.S.AIPEU GDS. (NFPE ) presented the case very effectively. Secretary GDS COMMITTEE gave positive assurances . Further, application for membership verification was also submitted to Dept. of Posts NewDelhi. All Comrades are requested to make maximum efforts to make AIPEU GDS NFPE as no.1 Union.

R.N. PARASHAR, SECRETARY GENERAL NFPE.
CUT IN INTEREST RATE FOR SMALL SAVINGS SCHEMES
NFPE WRITES TO THE HON`BLE MOC

National Federation of Postal Employees
1st Floor North Avenue Post Office Building, New Delhi-110 001
Phone: 011.23092771                                              e-mail: nfpehq@gmail.com
       Mob: 9868819295/9810853981                    website: http://www.nfpe.blogspot.com

     PF-35(SB)-2016                                                                    Dated: 21st March, 2016

T0

            Shri Ravi Shankar Prasad
            Hon`ble Minister of Communications & IT,
            Government of India,
            New Delhi-110 001

Sub:   Cut in interest rate for small savings schemes.

Respected Sir,

            As you  are aware that the Government of India, Ministry of FiancĂ©, Department of Economic Affairs (Budget Division) vide F.No.1/04/2016-NSII dated 18th March -2016 has  issued orders to cut the interest rates for Small  Savings Schemes which  will adversely affect the  poor people and customers in  Post Offices.

            Already due to CBS related problems thousands and thousands customers have closed their accounts in Post Offices. Further this cut in small savings schemes like, NSC, KVP, PPF,MIS, Sr. Citizen Savings Schemes and Sukanya Samriddhi Yojna will force them to invest their money in some other schemes.

            It is therefore requested to kindly utilize your good office and convince the Finance Ministry to exempt Small Savings Schemes in Post Offices from interest cut to protect interests of common man.

            With regards,

                        Yours faithfully,


(R.N. Parashar)
Secretary General

CUT IN INTEREST RATE FOR SMALL SAVINGS SCHEMES
TAS FOR GOVT JOB PROMOTIONS
SUPREME COURT

            The Supreme Court has ruled that scheduled caste (SC) and scheduled tribe (ST) members cannot claim quota as a right in government job promotions. This move was taken while rejecting a PIL seeking direction to the Uttar Pradesh (UP) government to grant reservation in promotion.

            In the landmark verdict, the apex court on March 11 said that the states were not constitutionally obliged to give preferential treatment to any community in promotion.

            A bench comprising Justice Dipak Misra and Justice Prafulla C Pant said that the government was not bound by any constitutional provision to frame a policy for reservation in promotion and the court could not order making reservation in promotion mandatory.

            Referring to Articles 16(4), 16(4-A) and 16(4-B) of the Constitution mandating socially affirmative action to help disadvantaged groups, the court said that the states were not compelled to make reservation for SCs/STs in promotion.

            It further said that the provisions allowed the government to exercise discretion and provide for reservation only after collecting quantifiable data showing backwardness of a class and inadequacy of their representation in public employment.

            According to Article 16(4-A), nothing shall prevent the state from making any provision for reservation in matters of promotion, with consequential seniority, to any class or classes of posts in the services in favour of SCs and STs which, according to the state, were not adequately represented.

            The bench refused to direct the UP government to carry out an exercise to find the representation of SCs/STs in government jobs in order to frame a policy for reservation in promotion.

            "The state is not bound to make reservation for SCs and STs in matter of promotions. Therefore, there is no duty. In such a situation, to issue a mandamus to collect data would tantamount to asking the authorities whether there is ample data to frame a rule or regulation. This will be in a way, entering into the domain of legislation," the bench said, according to TOI.

            The bench further said that the Constitution granted discretionary power to the government to frame law for reservation in promotion and they could not be forced to bring regulation on the issue.

            "The courts do not formulate any policy, remains away from making anything that would amount to legislation, rules and regulation or policy relating to reservation. The courts can test the validity of the same when they are challenged. The court cannot direct for making legislation or for that matter any kind of subordinate legislation," the bench said, while rejecting the PIL.


INSTRUCTIONS BY DIRECTORATE ON POS MIGRATION OF DATA TO CBS.